Tag: ethology

The biological imperative: From natural recovery to Control Focused Behavioral Treatment of psychological trauma—An ethological and evolutionary perspective

Abstract For decades, post‑traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been conceptualized primarily as a psychopathology requiring clinical remediation. This article argues that natural recovery from traumatic stress is the biological default, and that PTSD represents a condition of interrupted recovery within a phylogenetically ancient adaptive system. Drawing on ethology, evolutionary biology, learning theory, and clinical research,… Read More ›